Desarrollo temprano de la capacidad de mentalización, principales precursores neuropsicológicos y sus alteraciones
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/chps..v2021i2.3784Palabras clave:
mentalización, desarrollo, precursoresResumen
La mentalización es una capacidad neuropsicológica que permite la interacción entre personas, y el reconocimiento de estados mentales, deseos, y pensamientos propios y de los demás. Esta capacidad presenta competencias tempranas desde los primeros meses de vida. En este artículo se presenta una revisión narrativa de la literatura, dividida en dos secciones: la primera incluye los principales precursores neuropsicológicos que soportan y fomentan el desarrollo normal de la capacidad de mentalización en infantes y niños preescolares: la percepción visual, la búsqueda de mirada/ rostro, las respuestas de expresiones faciales, la atención conjunta y el reconocimiento de emociones. En la segunda sección se revisa la afectación de estos precursores en niños con trastorno del espectro autista. El conocimiento de las principales dimensiones del desarrollo temprano de la mentalización permitirá contar con mejores herramientas profesionales para la evaluación y detección temprana de alteraciones. Por ende, se podrá realizar una intervención eficaz con respecto a la mentalización, la cual se ve afectada en diversos trastornos del desarrollo.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
Arias, D., & Peña, M. (2016). Mother-Infant face-to-face interaction: The communicative value of infant-directed talking and singing. Psychopathology.
Ashwin, C; Chapman, E; Colle, L; Baron-cohen, S (2006). Impaired recognition of negative basic emotions in autism: a test of the amygdala theory. Soc Neurosci, 1 (3-4); 349-63.
APA, A. P. (2020). Manual Diagnóstico y Estadistico de los Trastornos Mentales DSM- V.
Baars B, Gage N. Cognition, brain and consciousness. Pekin: Academic Press; 2010.
Batty, M., & Taylor, M. J. (2006). The development of emotional face processing during childhood. Developmental Science, 9(2), 207-20. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2006.00480.x
Barnard-Brak, L.,Abby, L., Richman, D. M., & Chesnut, S.(2017). Facial emotion recognition among typically developing young children: A psychometric validation of a subset of NimStim stimuli.Psychiatry Research, 249,109-114.
Baron-Cohen, S., Spitz, A., & Cross, P. (1993). Do Children witn Autism Recognise Surprise? a Research Note. Cognition and Emotion, 7(6), 507-16.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989). Joint attention deficits in autism: Towards a cognitive analysis. Development and Psychopathology, 1, 185-189.
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Hill, J., Raste, Y., & Plumb, I. (2001). The reading the mind in the eyes, test revised version: A study with normal adults, and adults with Asperger Syndrome or high-functioning autis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 42, 241-251.
Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., & Kresse, A. (2014). EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development. J Vis Exp, 86.
Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., & McPartland, J. (2013). The role of imitation in the observed heterogeneity in EEG mu rhytm in autism and typical development. Brain Cogn, 82(1), 69-75.
Bellagamba, F., Camaioni, L., & Colonnsi, C. (2006). Change in children´s understanding of other´s intentional actions. Developmental Science Review , 9, 182-188.
Bernier, R., Aaronson, B., & McPartland, J. (2013). The role of imitation in the observer heterogeneity in EEG mu rhythm in autism and typical debvelopment. Brain Cogn , 82 (1), 69-75.
Bigozzi, L., Di Cosimo, A., & Vettori, G. (2016). Appearances are deceiving: Observing the world as it looks and how it really is- Theory of mind performances investigated in 3,4 and 5 year old children.
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5270924, Ed.) Chil Development Research.
Boraston, Z., & Blakemore, S. J. (2007). The application of eye-tracking technology in the study of autism. The Journal of physiology, 581(Pt 3), 893–898. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133587.
Bushnell, I. W. R. (2001). Mother’s face recognition in newborn infants: learning and memory. Infant Child Dev. 10, 67–74. doi: 10.1002/icd.248
Bulgarelli, D., Testa, S., & Molina, P. (2015). Factorial structure of the "ToM Storybooks": A test evaluating multiple components of Theory of Mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology., 33, 187-202.
Carpenter, M., Call, J. y Tomasello, M. (2002). Understanding ‘prior intentions’ enables 2- year-olds to imitatively learn a complex task. Child Development, 73, 1431-1441. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00481.
Carpenter, M., Nagell, K., & Tomasello, M. (1998). Social cognition, joint attention, and communicative competence from 9 to 15 months of age. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 63(4, Serial No. 255).
Corden, B; Chilvers, R; Skuse, D. (2008). Avoidance of emotionally arousing stimuli predicts social–perceptual impairment in Asperger's syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46 (1); 137-147
Charman, T., Baron-Cohen, S., Swettenham, J., Baird, G., Cox, A., & Drex, A. (2000). Testing joint attention, imitation: And play as infancy precursors to language and theory of mind. Cognitive Development , 15, 481-498.
Chawarska, K., Macari, S., & Shic, F. (2013). Decreased spontaneous attention to social scenes in 6-month-old infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Biol Psychiatry , 74, 195-203.
Clemmensen, L., Bartels-Velthuis, A., Jespersen, R., van Os, J., Blijd-Hoogewys, Ankerstrom, L., et al. (8 de March de 2016). A psychometric evaluation of the Danish Version of the theory of mind storybook for 8-14 year-old children. Frontiers in Psychology.
Dennis, M., Simic, N., Bigler, E., Abildskov, T., Agostino, A., Taylor, G., y otros. (27 de June de 2013). Cognitive, affective, and conative theory of mind (ToM) in children with traumatic brain injury. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.
Desrochers, S., Morissette, P., & Ricard, M. (1995). Two perspectives on pointing in infancy. In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 85–101). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dunphy-Lelii, S., & Wellman, H. M. (2004). Infant´s understanding of occlusion of others´line-of-sight: Implications for an emerging theory of mind. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. , 1 (1), 49-66.
Durand, K., Baudouin, J.‐Y., Lewkowicz, D. J., Goubet, N., & Schaal, B. (2013). Eye‐catching odors: Olfaction elicits sustained gazing to faces and eyes in 4‐month‐old infants. PLoS ONE, 8(8), e70677. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070677.
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the Universality and Cultural Specificity of Emotion Recognition: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin. , 128 (2).
Evans, D. (2002). Emoción: La ciencia del sentimiento. Madrid: Taurus.
Ferrari, P., Bonini, L., & Fogassi. (2009). Fron monkey mirror neurons to mirror-related behaviours: possible direct and indirect pathway. . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. , 364, 2311-2323.
Francesco, F. P., Vanderwert, R., Paukner, A., Bower, S., Suomi, S. J., & Fox, N. A. (2012). Distinct electroencephalographic amplitude suppression to facial gestures as evidence for a mirror mechanism in newborn monkeys. J Cogn Neurosci , 24 (5), 1165-1172.
Gallese, V., & Goldman, A. (1998). Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind-reading. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(12).
Gallese, V. (2007). Before and below ‘theory of mind’: Embodied simulation and the neural correlates of social cognition. Philo- sophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 1480(362), 659–669.
Gao, X., & Maurer, D. (2010). A happy story: Developmental changes in children´s sensitivity to facial expressions of varying intensities. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107.
Godard, O., Baudouin, J.‐Y., Schaal, B., & Durand, K. (2016). Affective matching of odors and facial expressions in infants: Shifting patterns between 3 and 7 months. Developmental Science, 19(1), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12292
Gordon, R. M. (1996). ‘Radical’ simulationism. In P. Carruthers & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Theories of theories of mind (pp. 11–21). Cambridge University Press.
Grelotti, D. J., Klin, A. J., Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Cohen, D. J., Gore, J. C., y otros. (2005). fMRI Activation of the Fusiform Gyrus and Amygdala to Cartoon Characters but not to Face in a Boy with Autism. Neuropsychologia , 43 (3), 373-385.
Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., and Gobbini, M. I. (2000). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 223–233. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01482-0
Haxby, J. V., and Gobbini, M. I. (2011). “Distributed neural systems for face perception,” in Handbook of Face Perception, eds A. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. H. Johnson, and J. Haxby (New York, NY: Oxford University Press), 93–110.
Hughes, C., & Leekam, S. (2004). What are the links between theory of mind and social relations? Review, reflections and new directions for studies of typical and atypical development. Social Development, 13(4).
Humphreys, K., Minshew, N., Leonard, G. L., & Behrmann, M. (2007). A fine-grained analysis of facial expression processing in high-functioning adults with autism. Neuropsychologia, 45, 685–695.
Jones, E., Venema, K., Earl, R., Lowy, R., Barnes, K., Estes, A., y otros. (2016). Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism spectrum disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial risk. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. , 8 (7).
Johnson, M.H., Morton, J., 1991. Biology and Cognitive Development: The Case of Face Recognition. Blackwell, Oxford.
Johnson, M. H., Senju, A., & Tomalski, P. (2015). The two-process theory of face processing: Modifications based on two decades of data from intants and adults. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews(50), 169-179.
Kana, R., Wadsworth, H., & Travers, B. (2011). A systems level analysis of the mirror neuron hypothesis and imitation impairments in autism spectrum disorders. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews.
Kampis, D., Fogd, D., & Kovács, Á. M. (2017). Nonverbal components of Theory of Mind in typical and atypical development. Infant Behavior & Development. , 48, 54-62.
Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2015). Models, Mechanisms and Moderators Dissociating Empathy and Theory of Mind. Curr Topics Behav Neurosci .
Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry , 59, 809-816.
Lavoie, M.-A., Vistoli, D., Sutliff, S., Jackson, P., & Achim, M. A. (2016). Social representations and contextual adjustments as two distinct components of the Theory of Mind brain network: Evidence from the REMICS task. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.017, Ed.) Cortex (81), 176-191.
Lara Tenorio, M. S. (2016). Trastorno del espectro autista su comorbilidad y estrategias de atención. Revista nacional e internacional de educación inclusiva.
Lawrence, K., Campbell, R., and Skuse, D. 2015. Age, gender, and puberty influence the development of facial emotion recognition. Front. Psychol. 6:761. doi:10.3389/ fpsyg.2015.00761.
Leslie, A. (1987). Pretense and representation: The origins of ``theory of mind''. Psychological Review, 94, 412-426.
Leleu, A., Rekow, D., Ponce, F., Schaal, B., Durand, K., Rossion, B., & Baudouin, J.-Y. (2019). Maternal odor shapes rapid face categorization in the infant brain. Developmental Science.
Lou, Y., & Johnson, S. (2009). Recognizing the role of perception in action at 6 months. Developmental Science , 12, 142-149.
Low, J., & Perner, J. (2012). Implicit and explicit theory of mind: State of the art. British Journal of Developmental Psychology., 30, 1-13.
Meinhardt, J., Sodian, B., Thoermer, C., Döhnel, K., & Sommer, M. (2011). True-and false-belief reasoning in children and adults: An event-related potential study of theory of mind. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. , Doi: 10.106/j.dcn.2010.08.001.
Meltzoff AN, Moore MK. (1977). Imitation of facial and manual gestures by human neonates. Science 1;198:74–78.
Meltzoff, A. N., & Brooks, R. (2001). “Like me” as a building block for understanding other minds: Bodily acts, attention, and intention. In B. F. Malle, L. J. Moses, & D. A. Baldwin (Eds.), Intentions and intentionality: Foundations of social cognition (pp. 171–191). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Morales, M., Mundy, P., Delgado, C., Yale, M., Neal, A. R. y Schwartz, H.K. (2000). Gaze following, temperament, and language development in 6-month-olds: a replication and extension. Infant Behavior and Development, 23, 231-236. doi:10.1016/S0163- 6383(01)00038-8.
Mundy, P., Sigman, M., y Kasari, C. (1994). Joint attention, developmental level, and symptom presentation in young children with autism. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 389-401.
Nelson, N. L., & Russell, J. A. (2016). A facial expression of pax: Assessing children´s "recognition" of emotion from faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. , 141, 49-64.
Oleszkiewicz, A; Frackowiak,T; Sorokowska, A; Sorokowski, P. Children can accurately recognize facial emotions from emoticons, Computers in Human Behavior (2017), doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.040
Perner, J. (1991). Understanding the representational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Rajkumar, A., Yovan, S., Raveendran, A., & Swamidhas, P. (2008). Can only intelligent children do mind reading: The relationship between intelligence and theory of mind in 8 to 11 years old. Behavioral and Brain Funcions.
Richter L: The Importance of Caregiver-Child Interactions for the Survival and Healthy De- velopment of Young Children: A Review (2004). Geneva, Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development, World Health Organization.
Rizzolatti G. Las neuronas en espejo: los mecanismos de la empatía emocional. Barcelona: Paidós; 2006.
Sato, W., Toichi, M., Uono, S., & Kochiyama, T. (2012). Impaired social brain network for processing dynamic facial expressions in autism spectrum disorders. BCM Neuroscience, 13(99).
Sasson, N., & Touchstone, E. (2014). Visual attention to competing social and object images by preschool children with autism spectrum disorder . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder , 44, 584-592.
Senju, A., Csibra, G., & Johnson, M. (2008). Understanding the referential nature of looking: Infants´preference for object-directed gaze. Cognition. , 108, 303-319.
Simion, F., & Di Giorgio, E. (2015). Face perception and processing in early infancy: inborn predispositions and developmental changes. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(696)
Sodian, B., & Thoermer, C. (2008). Precursors to a theory of mind in infancy: perspectives for research on autism. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. , 61 (1), 27-39.
Spelke, E., Phillips, A. & Woodward, A. (1995). Infant’s knowledge of object motion and human action. In D. Sperber,
D. Premack & A. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multidiscipli- nary debate (pp. 44–78). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Steele, S., Josepth, R., & Tager-Flusber, H. (2003). Developmental change in theory of mind abilities in children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders , 33, 461-467.
Stone, V. E., & Gerrans, P. (2006). What´s domain-specific about theory of mind? Social Neuroscience , 1 (3-4), 309-319.
Tracy L, J., & Randles, D. (2011). Four Models of Basic Emotions: A Review of Ekman and Cordaro, Izard, Levenson, and Panksepp and Watt. Emotion review , 3 (4), 397-405.
Tomasello (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. En C., Moore y P. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: its origins and role in development (pp. 103-130). Nueva Jersey: Erlbaum.
Tomasello, M. y Carpenter, M. (2007). Shared intentionality. Developmental Science, 10(1), pp. 121-125. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00573.x
Turati, C., Di Giorgio, E., Bardi, L., and Simion, F. (2010). Holistic face processing in newborns, 3-month-old infants and adults: evidence from the composite face effect. Child Dev. 81, 1894–1905. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010. 01520.x
Turkewitz, G., & Devenny, D. A. (1993). Developmental time and timing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Uljarevic, M., & Hamilton, A. (2012). Recognition of Emotions in Autism: A Formal Meta-Analysis. (D. 10.1007/s10803-012-1695-5, Ed.) J autism Dev Disord.
Vicari, S; Snitzer, J; Pasqualetti, P; Vizzotto, A; Caltagirone, C.(2000). Recognition of facial expressions of emotions in school-age children: The intersection of perceptual and semantic categories. Acta pediatrica 86 (7); 836-45
Vaidya, C. J., Foss-Feig, J., Shook, D., Kaplan, L., Kenworthy, L., & Gaillard, W. D. (2011). Controlling attention to gaze and arrows in childhood: An fMRI study of typical development and autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Science: 14., 911–924.
Wallace, S; Coleman, M; Bailey A. (2008) An investigation of basic facial expression recognition in autism spectrum disorders, Cognition and Emotion, 22:7, 1353-1380, DOI: 10.1080/02699930701782153
Walker-Andrews, A. S., & Lennon, E. (1991). Infants' discrimination of vocal expressions: Contributions of auditory and visual information. Infant Behavior & Development, 14(2), 131–142.
Weigelt, S., Koldewyn, K., & Kanwisher, N. (2012). Face identify recognition in autism spectrum disorders: A review of behavioral studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. , 36, 1060-1084.
Wellman, H. (2012). Theory of mind: Better methods, clearer findings, more development. European Journal of Developmental Psychology. , 9 (3), 313-330.
Wellman, H., & Liu, D. (2004). Scaling theory of mind tasks. Child development , 75, 523-541.
Wellman, H. M. (2014). Making minds: How theory of mind develops. New York: Oxford University Press
Wellman, H. M., Phillips, A. T., Dunphy-Lelii, S., & LaLonde, N. (2004). Infant social attention predicts preschool social cognition. Developmental Science, 7, 283–288.
Widen, S. C. (2013). Children’s Interpretation of Facial Expressions: The Long Path from Valence-Based to Specific Discrete Categories. Emotion Review, 5(1), 72–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451492.
Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor’s reach. Cognition, 69, 1–34.
Wilson, C., Brock, J., & Palermo, R. (2010). Attention to social stimuli and facial identity recognition skills in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of intellectual Disability Research , 54, 1104-1115.
Yang, D. Y., Rosenblau, G., Keifer, C., & Pelphrey, K. (2015). An integrative neural model of social perception, action observation, and theory of mind. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.020, Ed.) Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. (51), 263-275.
