Variedades de la experiencia de sí mismo: una fenomenología comparativa de la melancolía, la manía y la esquizofrenia. Parte I
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/rcfc.v14i28.1655Resumen
Este trabajo ofrece un estudio crítico de algunos trastornos de la experiencia de sí mismo [self experience], sutiles y a menudo pasados por alto, que pueden encontrarse en la esquizofrenia, la melancolía y la manía. El objetivo es mejorar la comprensión de las similitudes y las diferencias entre estos desórdenes. Aquí presentamos estudios clásicos y contemporáneos, en su mayoría de la tradición fenomenológica, que ilustramos con reportes de pacientes. Se consideran cambios experienciales en cinco dominios del “sí mismo” [selfhood] (siguiendo a Parnas et al., 2005): cognición, auto-conciencia, experiencias corporales, demarcación/transitivismo, y reorientación existencial. Vamos a discutir: I, las principales diferencias entre la esquizofrenia y los desordenes afectivos que involucran la experiencia propia; II, experiencias en las cuales estas condiciones, a pesar de las diferencias principales, se parecen entre sí; y III, sugerencias sobre cómo estas experiencias pueden, sin embargo, diferenciarse en un plano fenomenológico más sutil. Mientras que los pacientes afectivos pueden pasar por cambios significativos en su experiencia propia, su sentido subyacente de una individualidad mínima o básica (“ipseidad”) se mantiene intacto. En la esquizofrenia hay un trastorno del sí mismo [self] básico, y esto nos puede ayudar a dar cuenta de muchos de los trastornos característicos de este desorden.
Descargas
Referencias bibliográficas
General Systems, 7-8, Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory, 1962.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
Abrams, Richard. & Taylor, M. D. “Importance of schizophrenic symptoms in the diagnosis of mania”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 138 (1981): 658-661.
Abrams, Richard. Taylor, M. D. & Gaztanaga, Pedro. “Manic-depressive illness and paranoid schizophrenia”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 31 (1974): 640-642.
Akiskal, Hagop & Puzantian, Houry. “Psychotic forms of depression and mania”, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2 (1979): 419-440.
Allerdyce, J., Gaebel, W., Zielasek, J. & van Os, J. “Deconstructing psychosis
conference February 2006: The validity of schizophrenia and alternative
approaches to the classification of psychosis”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33
(2007): 863-867.
Binswanger, Ludwig. “On the manic mode of being-in-the-world”. En Straus,
E. W., ed. Phenomenology: Pure and Applied, Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne
University Press (1964): 127-141.
Bleuler, Eugen. Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, New York:
International Universities Press, 1911.
Carpenter, William. & Strauss, John. “Cross cultural evaluation of Schneider’s
first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia: A report from the International
Pilot Study of Schizophrenia”. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131 (1974):
-687.
Custance, John. Wisdom, Madness and Folly: The Philosophy of a Lunatic, New
York: Pellegrini and Cudahy, 1952.
Dutta, R., Greene, T., Addington, J., McKenzie, K., Phillips, M. & Murray,
R. M. “Biological, life-course, and cross-cultural studies all point toward
the value of dimensional and developmental ratings in the classification of
psychosis”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33.4 (2007): 868-876.
Fuchs, Thomas. “Melancholia as a desynchronization: Towards a psychopathology
of interpersonal time”, Psychopathology, 34 (2001): 179-186.
—. “Corporealized and disembodied minds: A Phenomenological view of the
body in melancholia and schizophrenia”, Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology,
2 (2005): 95-107.
Hamilton, Max., ed. Fish’s Schizophrenia, 3rd ed., Bristol: Wright, 1984.
Handest, Peter & Parnas, Josef. “Clinical characteristics of first-admitted
patients with ICD-10 schizotypal disorder”, British Journal of Psychiatry”,
(2005): s49-s54.
Haug, E., Lien, L., Raballo, A., Bratlien, L., Oie, M., Parnas, J., Andreasen,
O., Melle, I. & Moller, P. “Self-disorders and early differential diagnosis in
first episode psychosis”, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease.
Holzman, P. S., Shenton, M. E. & Solovay, M. R. “Quality of thought disorder
in differential diagnosis”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12.3 (1986): 360-371.
Jaspers, Karl. General Psychopathology, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press, 1946.
Kane, Sarah. “4.48 Psychosis”. Complete Plays, London: Methuen Drama (2001): 203-246.
Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1855.
Kendell, Robert. & Jablensky, Assen. “Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 160 (2003): 4-12.
Koehler, Karl. “First rank symptoms of schizophrenia: Questions concerning clinical boundaries”, British Journal of Psychiatry, 134 (1979): 236-248.
Kraepelin, Emil. Psychiatrie, 8th ed., Leipzig: J.A. Barth, 1913.
Kraus, A. “Der melancholische Wahn in identitätstheoretischer Sicht”. In Blankenburg, W., ed. Wahn und Perpektivität (Forum der Psychiatrie), Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag (1991): 68-80.
Laing, Ronald. The Divided Self, New York: Penguin, 1965.
Landis, Carney. Varieties of Psychopathological Experience, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.
Lang, Jonathan. “The other side of auditory hallucinations”, American Journal of Psychiatry, 94 (1938): 1089-1097.
McGlashan, Thomas. “Aphanisis: The syndrome of pseudo-depression in chronic schizophrenia”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 8.1 (1982): 118-134.
Mellor, C. S. “First rank symptoms of schizophrenia”, British Journal of Psychiatry, 117 (1970): 15-23.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. Phenomenology of Perception, New York: Routledge, 1962.
Minkowski, Eugene. La schizophénie, Paris: Payot, 1927.
—. Lived Time, Evanston, IL: Northwester University Press, 1970.
Morrison, Anthony & Haddock, Gillian. “Self-focused attention in schizophrenic patients with and without auditory hallucinations and normal subjects: A comparative study”, Personality and Individual Differences, 23.6 (1997): 937-941.
Murray, Les. Killing the Black Dog, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009.
Nelson, B., Thompson, A. & Yung, A. “Basic self-disturbance predicts psychosis onset in the ultra high risk for psychosis (‘prodromal’) population”. Schizophrenia Bulletin.
Parnas, Josef., Handest, P., Saebye, D. & Jansson, L. “Anomalies of subjective
experience in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar illness”, Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, 108.2 (2003): 126-133.
Parnas, Josef., Moller, P., Kircher, T., Thalbitzer, J., Jansson, L., Handest, P. &
Zahavi, D. “EASE: Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience”, Psychopathology,
(2005): 236-258.
Piguet, C., Dayer, A., Kosel, M., Desseilles, M., Vuilleumier, P. & Bertschy,
G. “Phenomenology of racing and crowded thoughts in mood disorders: A
theoretical reappraisal”, Journal of Affective Disorders, 121 (2010): 189-198.
Raballo, A., Saebye, D. & Parnas, J. “Looking at the schizophrenia spectrum
through the prism of self-disorders: An empirical study”, Schizophrenia
Bulletin, 37.2 (2011): 244-251.
Radden, Jennifer. Moody Minds Distempered, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2009.
Ricoeur, Paul. Oneself as Another, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Rümke, H. & Neeleman, J. “The nuclear symptom of schizophrenia and the
praecoxfeeling”, History of Psychiatry, 1.3 (1990): 331-341.
Sachs, A. “A Memoir of Schizophrenia”, Time Magazine, 2007.
Saks, Elyn. The Center Cannot Hold, New York: Hyperion, 2007.
Sass, Louis. Madness and Modernism: Insanity in the Light of Modern Art, New
York: Basic Books, 1992.
—. “Negative symptoms,” schizophrenia, and the self, International Journal of
Psychological Theory, 3.2 (2003): 153-180.
—. “Schizophrenia: A disturbance of the thematic field”. In Embree, L.,
ed. Gurwitch’s Relevancy for the Cognitive Sciences, Dordrecht, Holland:
Springer, (2004): 59-78.
Sass, Louis & Parnas, Josef. “Schizophrenia, consciousness, and the self”,
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 29.3 (2003): 427-444.
—. “Explaining schizophrenia: The relevance of phenomenology”. In Chung,
M., Fulford, W. and Graham, G., eds., Reconceiving Schizophrenia, Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2007: 63-96.
Sass, Louis. A. “Contradictions of emotion in schizophrenia”, Cognition and
Emotion, 21.2 (2007): 351-390.
Schneider, Kurt. Clinical Psychopathology, New York: Grune & Stratton, 1959.
Sierra, Mauricio. Depersonalization: A new look at a neglected syndrome,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Silber, E., Rey, A. C., Savard, R. & Post, R. M. “Thought disorder and affective inaccessibility in depression”, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41.5 (1980): 161-165.
Smith, Jeffery. Where the Roots Reach for Water, New York: North Point Press, 1999.
Stanghellini, Giovanni. Disembodied Spirits and Deanimated Bodies, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
Sullivan, Harry. The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry, New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1953.
Tatossian, Arthur. La Phenomenologie des Psychoses, L’Art du Comprendre, Paris, 1997.
Taylor, Michael “Are schizophrenia and affective disorders related? A selective literature review”, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 149.1 (1992): 22-32.
Taylor, M. & Abrams, R. “The Phenomenology of mania: A new look at some old patients”, Archives of General Psychiatry, 29.4 (1973): 520-522.
Taylor, M. A. & Heiser, J. F. “Phenomenology: An alternative approach to diagnosis of mental disease”, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 12 (1971): 480-486.
Tellenbach, Hubertus. Melancholy, Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press, 1980.
Tsuang, M. T. & Simpson, J. C. “Schizoaffective disorder: Concept and reality”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10.1(1984): 14-25.
van Os, J. “A salience dysregulation syndrome”, British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, (2009): 101-103.
—. “Introduction: The extended psychosis phenotype-Relationships with schizophrenia and with ultrahigh risk status for psychosis”, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38.2 (2012): 227-330.
Weber, Max. “Objectivity in social science and social policy”. In Shills, E. A. and Finch, H. A., eds., The Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York: Free Press, 1949.
Wiggins, O. P. & Schwartz, M. A. “Research into personality disorders: The alternatives of dimensions and ideal types”, Journal of Personality Disorders, 5.1, (1991): 69-81.
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E. & Sartorius, N. Measurement and Classification of Psychiatric Symptoms: An Instruction Manual for the PSE and Catego Program, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
Zahavi, Dan. Subjectivity and Selfhood, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
