Listeria monocytogenes infection in a pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and HELLP syndrome
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v9i1.2645Keywords:
Pregnancy, Listeria monocytogenes, HELLP Syndrome, Thrombocytopenia, Systemic Erythematosus Lupus;, mmunosuppression, Systemic Erythematosus LupusAbstract
Listeriosis is a disease mainly transmitted by food contaminated with bacteria called Listeria monocytogenes. It occurs more often in newborns, elder population, pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. L. monocytogenes infection during pregnancy is associated to significant maternal mortality and morbidity. The case of a 29-year-old pregnant woman with history of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus is review. The said woman was diagnosed with bacteremia related to L. monocytogenes. During hospitalization, the patient experienced complications with hipertransaminasemia, which led to the presumptive diagnosis of HELLP in presence of thrombocytopenia. Given the high risk of mortality and morbidity, the pregnancy was terminated. The importance of the present clinical work lays in showing the difficulties embedded in diagnosing and handling a high-complexity pregnant patient presenting a frequent infection that would otherwise go undetected.
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References
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Swaminathan B, Gerner-Smidt P. The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect. 2007;9:1236-43.
Schlech WF, Lavigne PM, Bortolussi RA, Allen AC, Haldane E V, Wort AJ, et al. Epidemic listeriosis--evidence for transmission by food. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:203-6.
Schuchat A, Swaminathan B, Broome CV. Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991;4:169-83.
Low JC, Donachie W. A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Vet J. 1997;153:9-29.
Nieman RE, Lorber B. Listeriosis in adults: A changing pattern. Report of eight cases and review of the literature, 1968–1978. Rev Infect Dis. 1980;2:207-27.
Gahan CGM, Hill C. Listeria monocytogenes: Survival and adaptation in the gastrointestinal tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:e1-9
Farber JM, Peterkin PI. Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen. Microbiol Rev. 1991;55:476-511.
Farber JM, Peterkin PI, Carter AO, Varughese PV, Ashton FE, Ewan EP. Neonatal listeriosis due to cross-infection confirmed by isoenzyme typing and DNA fingerprinting. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:927-8.
Colodner R, Sakran W, Miron D, Teitler N, Khavalevsky E, Kopelowitz J. Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination in a nursery [corrected]. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31:322-4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for health professionals and laboratories Listeria CDC;2017. Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo 2018. Disponible
en: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/technical.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to whole cantaloupes from Jensen Farms, Colorado | Listeria | CDC. Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo 2018. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cantaloupes-jensen-farms/index.html
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R V, Widdowson M-A, Roy SL, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:7-15.
Guevara RE, Mascola L, Sorvillo F. Risk factors for mortality among patients with nonperinatal listeriosis in Los Angeles County, 1992-2004. Clin Infect Dis.2009;48:1507-15.
Lorber B. Listeria monocytogenes. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas y Bennett Enfermedades infecciosas Principios y práctica. Octava edición. Barcelona: W. B. Saunders; 2015. 2514-2521
Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Hohmann EL, Calderwood SB, Wing EJ. Listeriosis during pregnancy: A case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002;81:260-9.
Madjunkov M, Chaudhry S, Ito S. Listeriosis during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:143-52.
Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: The MONALISA national prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:510-9.
McLauchlin J. Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967-85, a summary of 722 cases. 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;104:181-9.
Chenal-Francisque V, López J, Cantinelli T, Caro V, Tran C, Leclercq A, et al. Worldwide distribution of major clones of Listeria monocytogenes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1110-2.
Bortolussi R, Mailman TL. Listeriosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Nizet V, Maldonado YA, editors. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2010. p. 470-88.
Bortolussi R. Listeriosis: A primer. Can Med Assoc J. 2008;179:795-7.
Schlech WF, Chase DP, Badley A. A model of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes infection in the Sprague-Dawley rat using gastric inoculation: development and effect of gastric acidity on infective dose. Int J Food Microbiol. 1993;18:15-24.
Silk BJ, Date KA, Jackson KA, Pouillot R, Holt KG, Graves LM, et al. Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2009: Further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl.5):S396-404.
Schlech WF, Schlech WF, Haldane H, Mailman TL, Warhuus M, Crouse N, et al. Does sporadic Listeria gastroenteritis exist? A 2-year population-based survey in Nova Scotia, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:778-84.
Farber JM, Daley E, Coates F, Beausoleil N, Fournier J. Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:2606-8.
Smith JL, Liu Y, Paoli GC. How does Listeria monocytogenes combat acid conditions? Can J Microbiol. 2013;59:141-52.
Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2211-8.
Hof H. An update on the medical management of listeriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1727-35.
Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, et al. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: A systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2011;39:227-36.
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim use during pregnancy. Drugs.com. Fecha de consulta: Marzo 21 de 2018 Disponible en: https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.html
Thyagarajan B, Deshpande SS. Cotrimoxazole and neonatal kernicterus: A review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2014;37:121-9.
Gómez D, Azón E, Marco N, Carramiñana JJ, Rota C, Ariño A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua from meat products and meatprocessing environment. Food Microbiol. 2014;42:61-5.
Jahan M, Holley RA. Transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2016;62:304-10.
Ampel NM, Bejarano GC, Saavedra M. Deferoxamine increases the susceptibility of beta-thalassemic, iron-overloaded mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Life Sci. 1992;50:1327-32.
Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Iron in infection and immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:509-19.
Temple ME, Nahata MC. Treatment of listeriosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34:656-61.
Kwok LW, Tam LS, Zhu T, Leung YY, Li E. Predictors of maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2011;20:829-36.
Lateef A, Petri M. Managing lupus patients during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27:435-47.
Smyth A, Oliveira GHM, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Norby SM, Garovic VD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2060-8.
Clowse MEB, Magder L, Witter F, Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3640-7.
Gladman DD, Tandon A, Ibáñez D, Urowitz MB. The effect of lupus nephritis on pregnancy outcome and fetal and maternal complications. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:754-8.
Clowse MEB, Magder LS, Witter F, Petri M. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:514-21.
Nares-Torices MÁ, Hernández-Pacheco JA, Estrada-Altamirano A, Mendoza-Calderón A, Cervera-Buenfil CI, Villalva-Hernández LD, et al. Lupus eritematoso sistémico activo durante el embarazo. Curso clínico y pronóstico en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Perinatología y Reproducción Humana. 2012;26:96-105.
Danza A, Ruiz-Irastorza G. Infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Susceptibility factors and preventive strategies. Lupus. 2013;22:1286-94.
Fischer-Betz R, Specker C. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31:397-414.
Stone JH. HELLP syndrome: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. JAMA. 1998;280:559-62.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2013. Fecha de consulta: Marzo 21 de 2018. Disponible en: https://www.acog.org/~/media/Task%20Force%20and%20Work%20Group%20Reports/public/HypertensioninPregnancy.pdf
Catanzarite VA, Steinberg SM, Mosley CA, Landers CF, Cousins LM, Schneider JM. Severe preeclampsia with fulminant and extreme elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels: high risk for maternal death. Am J Perinatol. 1995;12:310-3.
Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, Salama M, Mercer BM, Friedman SA. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:1000-6.
Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U. The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. A review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:8.
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:981-91.
Abildgaard U, Heimdal K. Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2013;166:117-23.
Egerman RS, Witlin AG, Friedman SA, Sibai BM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in pregnancy: Review of 11 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:950-6.
Le Monnier A, Autret N, Join-Lambert OF, Jaubert F, Charbit A, Berche P, et al. ActA is required for crossing of the fetoplacental barrier by Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun. 2007;75:950-7.
Arslan F, Meynet E, Sunbul M, Sipahi OR, Kurtaran B, Kaya S, et al. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neuroinvasive listeriosis: A multinational study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34:1213-21.
Fehr T, Cathomas G, Weber C, Fontana A, Schaffner A. Foetal loss, liver necrosis and acute lupus erythematosus in a patient with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Lupus. 2001;10:576-9.
Freyschmidt-Paul P, Rieger CH, Happle R, Hoffmann R. Neonatal lupus erythematosus and maternal HELLP syndrome: Is there a pathogenetic link?. Hausarzt. 1998;49:662-5
Sakhel K, Usta IM, Hannoun A, Arayssi T, Nassar AH. Liver infarction in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary anti-phospholipid and HELLP syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35:405-8.
Roberts G, Gordon MM, Porter D, Jardine AG, Gibson IW. Acute renal failure complicating HELLP syndrome, SLE and anti-phospholipid syndrome: Successful outcome using plasma exchange therapy. Lupus. 2003;12:251-7.
Capítulo 26 – Corynebacterium, Listeria y Bacillus. En: Ryan RJ, Ray CG, Ahmad N, Drew WL, Plorde JJ, editores. Sherris Microbiología Médica. Quinta edición. Mexico D.F.: McGraw Hill; 2010. p. 368
Swaminathan B, Gerner-Smidt P. The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes Infect. 2007;9:1236-43.
Schlech WF, Lavigne PM, Bortolussi RA, Allen AC, Haldane E V, Wort AJ, et al. Epidemic listeriosis--evidence for transmission by food. N Engl J Med. 1983;308:203-6.
Schuchat A, Swaminathan B, Broome CV. Epidemiology of human listeriosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1991;4:169-83.
Low JC, Donachie W. A review of Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. Vet J. 1997;153:9-29.
Nieman RE, Lorber B. Listeriosis in adults: A changing pattern. Report of eight cases and review of the literature, 1968–1978. Rev Infect Dis. 1980;2:207-27.
Gahan CGM, Hill C. Listeria monocytogenes: Survival and adaptation in the gastrointestinal tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:e1-9
Farber JM, Peterkin PI. Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen. Microbiol Rev. 1991;55:476-511.
Farber JM, Peterkin PI, Carter AO, Varughese PV, Ashton FE, Ewan EP. Neonatal listeriosis due to cross-infection confirmed by isoenzyme typing and DNA fingerprinting. J Infect Dis. 1991;163:927-8.
Colodner R, Sakran W, Miron D, Teitler N, Khavalevsky E, Kopelowitz J. Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination in a nursery [corrected]. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31:322-4.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for health professionals and laboratories Listeria CDC;2017. Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo 2018. Disponible
en: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/technical.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Multistate outbreak of listeriosis linked to whole cantaloupes from Jensen Farms, Colorado | Listeria | CDC. Fecha de consulta: 21 de marzo 2018. Disponible en: https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cantaloupes-jensen-farms/index.html
Scallan E, Hoekstra RM, Angulo FJ, Tauxe R V, Widdowson M-A, Roy SL, et al. Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:7-15.
Guevara RE, Mascola L, Sorvillo F. Risk factors for mortality among patients with nonperinatal listeriosis in Los Angeles County, 1992-2004. Clin Infect Dis.2009;48:1507-15.
Lorber B. Listeria monocytogenes. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, editors. Mandell, Douglas y Bennett Enfermedades infecciosas Principios y práctica. Octava edición. Barcelona: W. B. Saunders; 2015. 2514-2521
Mylonakis E, Paliou M, Hohmann EL, Calderwood SB, Wing EJ. Listeriosis during pregnancy: A case series and review of 222 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2002;81:260-9.
Madjunkov M, Chaudhry S, Ito S. Listeriosis during pregnancy. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296:143-52.
Charlier C, Perrodeau É, Leclercq A, Cazenave B, Pilmis B, Henry B, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: The MONALISA national prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:510-9.
McLauchlin J. Human listeriosis in Britain, 1967-85, a summary of 722 cases. 1. Listeriosis during pregnancy and in the newborn. Epidemiol Infect. 1990;104:181-9.
Chenal-Francisque V, López J, Cantinelli T, Caro V, Tran C, Leclercq A, et al. Worldwide distribution of major clones of Listeria monocytogenes. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1110-2.
Bortolussi R, Mailman TL. Listeriosis. In: Remington JS, Klein JO, Wilson CB, Nizet V, Maldonado YA, editors. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2010. p. 470-88.
Bortolussi R. Listeriosis: A primer. Can Med Assoc J. 2008;179:795-7.
Schlech WF, Chase DP, Badley A. A model of food-borne Listeria monocytogenes infection in the Sprague-Dawley rat using gastric inoculation: development and effect of gastric acidity on infective dose. Int J Food Microbiol. 1993;18:15-24.
Silk BJ, Date KA, Jackson KA, Pouillot R, Holt KG, Graves LM, et al. Invasive listeriosis in the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), 2004-2009: Further targeted prevention needed for higher-risk groups. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(Suppl.5):S396-404.
Schlech WF, Schlech WF, Haldane H, Mailman TL, Warhuus M, Crouse N, et al. Does sporadic Listeria gastroenteritis exist? A 2-year population-based survey in Nova Scotia, Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:778-84.
Farber JM, Daley E, Coates F, Beausoleil N, Fournier J. Feeding trials of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonhuman primate model. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:2606-8.
Smith JL, Liu Y, Paoli GC. How does Listeria monocytogenes combat acid conditions? Can J Microbiol. 2013;59:141-52.
Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2211-8.
Hof H. An update on the medical management of listeriosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004;5:1727-35.
Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, Kusanovic JP, Vaisbuch E, Kim SK, et al. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: A systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2011;39:227-36.
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim use during pregnancy. Drugs.com. Fecha de consulta: Marzo 21 de 2018 Disponible en: https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim.html
Thyagarajan B, Deshpande SS. Cotrimoxazole and neonatal kernicterus: A review. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2014;37:121-9.
Gómez D, Azón E, Marco N, Carramiñana JJ, Rota C, Ariño A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua from meat products and meatprocessing environment. Food Microbiol. 2014;42:61-5.
Jahan M, Holley RA. Transfer of antibiotic resistance from Enterococcus faecium of fermented meat origin to Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria innocua. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2016;62:304-10.
Ampel NM, Bejarano GC, Saavedra M. Deferoxamine increases the susceptibility of beta-thalassemic, iron-overloaded mice to infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Life Sci. 1992;50:1327-32.
Cassat JE, Skaar EP. Iron in infection and immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2013;13:509-19.
Temple ME, Nahata MC. Treatment of listeriosis. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34:656-61.
Kwok LW, Tam LS, Zhu T, Leung YY, Li E. Predictors of maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnancies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2011;20:829-36.
Lateef A, Petri M. Managing lupus patients during pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2013;27:435-47.
Smyth A, Oliveira GHM, Lahr BD, Bailey KR, Norby SM, Garovic VD. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:2060-8.
Clowse MEB, Magder L, Witter F, Petri M. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:3640-7.
Gladman DD, Tandon A, Ibáñez D, Urowitz MB. The effect of lupus nephritis on pregnancy outcome and fetal and maternal complications. J Rheumatol. 2010;37:754-8.
Clowse MEB, Magder LS, Witter F, Petri M. The impact of increased lupus activity on obstetric outcomes. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:514-21.
Nares-Torices MÁ, Hernández-Pacheco JA, Estrada-Altamirano A, Mendoza-Calderón A, Cervera-Buenfil CI, Villalva-Hernández LD, et al. Lupus eritematoso sistémico activo durante el embarazo. Curso clínico y pronóstico en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Perinatología y Reproducción Humana. 2012;26:96-105.
Danza A, Ruiz-Irastorza G. Infection risk in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: Susceptibility factors and preventive strategies. Lupus. 2013;22:1286-94.
Fischer-Betz R, Specker C. Pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2017;31:397-414.
Stone JH. HELLP syndrome: Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets. JAMA. 1998;280:559-62.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. 2013. Fecha de consulta: Marzo 21 de 2018. Disponible en: https://www.acog.org/~/media/Task%20Force%20and%20Work%20Group%20Reports/public/HypertensioninPregnancy.pdf
Catanzarite VA, Steinberg SM, Mosley CA, Landers CF, Cousins LM, Schneider JM. Severe preeclampsia with fulminant and extreme elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase levels: high risk for maternal death. Am J Perinatol. 1995;12:310-3.
Sibai BM, Ramadan MK, Usta I, Salama M, Mercer BM, Friedman SA. Maternal morbidity and mortality in 442 pregnancies with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets (HELLP syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:1000-6.
Haram K, Svendsen E, Abildgaard U. The HELLP syndrome: Clinical issues and management. A review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2009;9:8.
Sibai BM. Diagnosis, controversies, and management of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;103:981-91.
Abildgaard U, Heimdal K. Pathogenesis of the syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP): A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol.2013;166:117-23.
Egerman RS, Witlin AG, Friedman SA, Sibai BM. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in pregnancy: Review of 11 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;175:950-6.
Le Monnier A, Autret N, Join-Lambert OF, Jaubert F, Charbit A, Berche P, et al. ActA is required for crossing of the fetoplacental barrier by Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun. 2007;75:950-7.
Arslan F, Meynet E, Sunbul M, Sipahi OR, Kurtaran B, Kaya S, et al. The clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of neuroinvasive listeriosis: A multinational study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;34:1213-21.
Fehr T, Cathomas G, Weber C, Fontana A, Schaffner A. Foetal loss, liver necrosis and acute lupus erythematosus in a patient with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Lupus. 2001;10:576-9.
Freyschmidt-Paul P, Rieger CH, Happle R, Hoffmann R. Neonatal lupus erythematosus and maternal HELLP syndrome: Is there a pathogenetic link?. Hausarzt. 1998;49:662-5
Sakhel K, Usta IM, Hannoun A, Arayssi T, Nassar AH. Liver infarction in a woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and secondary anti-phospholipid and HELLP syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35:405-8.
Roberts G, Gordon MM, Porter D, Jardine AG, Gibson IW. Acute renal failure complicating HELLP syndrome, SLE and anti-phospholipid syndrome: Successful outcome using plasma exchange therapy. Lupus. 2003;12:251-7.
Capítulo 26 – Corynebacterium, Listeria y Bacillus. En: Ryan RJ, Ray CG, Ahmad N, Drew WL, Plorde JJ, editores. Sherris Microbiología Médica. Quinta edición. Mexico D.F.: McGraw Hill; 2010. p. 368
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2019-08-06
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Appel, T. M., Castellanos, D., Uriel, M., & Romero, X. (2019). Listeria monocytogenes infection in a pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus and HELLP syndrome. Revista Salud Bosque, 9(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.18270/rsb.v9i1.2645
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