Igualdad, cooperación y territorialidad.
De las bandas del Paleolítico superior a las pandillas centroamericanas contemporáneas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/rcfc.v17i34.2083Palabras clave:
Evolución de la cooperación, Subculturas Juveniles, Violencia, PleistocenoResumen
Las teorías que se han centrado en la represión del incesto (Freud, Levi-Strauss) o en la existencia de un contrato social (Hobbes, Rousseau) han generado mucha atención en, respectivamente, el estudio de la familia y el Estado, y muy poca en el de las pequeñas asociaciones igualitarias de varones jóvenes. En el presente ensayo, adheriremos a las teorías biológico-antropológicas de Boehm (1999; 2000a; 2009; 2012), Sterelny (2011; 2016) y Marean (2016) acerca de la evolución de la cooperación. Dichos enfoques proponen a las sanciones sociales y a la resolución de conflictos como mecanismos que condujeron, en el Paleolítico superior, a las primeras formas de organización social igualitaria realizadas por las bandas de cazadores-recolectores. Sostendremos que tales estructuras de organización social siguen presentes allí donde bandas y pandillas operan con igual o mayor importancia que otras instituciones (la familia, los cacicazgos, el Estado-Nación). Con ayuda de la extensa literatura sobre modelos ecológicos de violencia y territorialidad, mostraremos que la existencia de bandas y pandillas (desde el Pleistoceno, pasando por la Era Vikinga, hasta la crisis de violencia en Centroamérica a principios del siglo xxi) se explica en gran medida por la competencia por los recursos y es una forma paradójica de organización cooperativa.
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