The relationship between international trade and immigration policies
evidence from Mexico and The United States
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119Keywords:
déficit comercial, salario, poder, nacionalismo blancoAbstract
This paper concerned is how the Trump administration treats Mexico as Testing Ground in term of trade and immigration two major subjects on which the US president promised a radical policy shift. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate that the announcement of the new immigration law known as the Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment (RAISE) and the immigration policy as a whole are the reflection of racism and white supremacy of the Trump administration. the current account deficit between Mexico and the United States has been used as an anchor for the immigration policy. We will also analyze the realistic theory of international relations, according to which, power is at the center of all types of freed trade agreements.
We point to these following structural problems (i); the racism and white-nationalism in the Trump administration, (ii) the causes and consequences of power and the degree of exploitation in the trade relationship between Unites States and Mexico, (iii); the Trade deficit reduction of US with NAFTA partners is not a reflect of Fair Play in a World Trade and therefore is unsustainable in the long term, and (iv); The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth in the first quarter of 2019 (3.2 percent) of the United States is not the measure of the economy or import tariff, it is a result of a big corporate tax cut which necessarily mean a higher corporate benefits.
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References
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Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics. The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Stiglitz, J. (2000). Globalization and its Discontents. Madrid: Taurus.
Strausz- Hupé, R. (1942). The Struggle for Space and Power. New York: G.P, Putnam’s Son. 1942
Time Staff (2015). Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018). World Investment Report. UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
United States Census Bureau (2020). Trade in Goods with Mexico. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html
United States Senate (2017, February 13th). Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act or the RAISE Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/354
World Agricultural Economic and Environmental Services (2014). Gauging the Farm Sector’s Sensitivity to Immigration Reform via Changes in Labor Costs and Availability. Available at: https://www.fb.org/files/AFBF_LaborStudy_Feb2014.pdf
World Bank (2008). Report No. 44288-GLB. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform.pdf
World Bank (2020). National accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX
World Trade Organization (2020). Mexico and the WTO. WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm
Amadeo, K. (2018). U. S. Trade Deficit by Country, with Current Statistics and Issues. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/trade-deficit-by-county-3306264
Applebaum, A. (2018, October 1st). Trump’s new NAFTA is pretty much the same as the old one - but at what cost? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/10/01/trumps-new-nafta-is-pretty-much-the-same-as-the-old-one-but-at-what-cost/?utm_term=.d55d6945bfd9
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2018). Stats APEC. APEC. http://statistics.apec.org/index.php/key_indicator/kid_result_flash/11
Atkinson, A.B (2015). Inequality: What can be done. Harvard University press. Cambridge Massachusetts. London, England 2015.
Bennet, B., Berenson, T. & Abramson, A. (2019). How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal. Time. http://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/
Christina Boswell (2010). “Addressing the causes of migratory and refugee movements: The role of the European Union”. New issues in Refugee Research. Working paper No. 73. Institute for Peace Research. University of Hamburg Germany.
Clausing, Kimberly (2019). Open: The Progressive Case of Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University press, 2019
Cohen, G. A. (1979). The Labor Theory of Value and The Concept of Exploitation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 8(4), 338-360.
Congressional Research Service (2019). NAFTA Renegotiation and the Proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Deaton, A. (2015). Weak States, Poor countries. Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/weak-states-poor-countries
Dougherty, J. E & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1993). Contending Theories of International Relations. Buenos Aires: Pearson.
Egan, M. (2019). Tariffs on Mexico could cost America 400,000 jobs, a new report says. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/business/mexico-tariffs-job-losses
Feagin, J. (2012). White Party, White Government: Race, Class and US Politics. New York: Routledge.
Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton.
Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between Immigration and Trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(1), 115-130. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40440885
Guess, T. J. (2006). The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.
Guillén Romo, H. (1997). La contrarrevolución neoliberal en México. México: Era.
Harkinson, J. (2016, October 27th). Meet the White Nationalist Trying to Ride the Trump Train to Lasting Power. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/
Hirschman, A. O. (1945). National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hoppe, H. H. (1998). The Case of Free Trade and Restricted Immigration. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 13(2), 221-233.
Hume, D. (2015). Essays: Moral, Political and Literary. New York: Wallachia Publishers.
Inglehart, R. F. & Norris, P. (2016, August). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
Inwood, J. (2019). White supremacy, White Counter-Revolutionary Politics, and the Rise of Donald Trump. Politics and Space, 37(4), 579-596.
Jackson, J. K. (2018, June 28th). Trade Deficit and US Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45243.pdf
Kregel, J. (2004, October). External Financing for Development and International Financial Instability. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdpbg2420048_en.pdf
Kregel, J. A. (2019). Globalization, Nationalism and Clearing Systems. EconStor. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/201769/1/ppb_147.pdf
Maskovsky, J (2017). Toward the anthropology of white nationalist postracialism. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 433-440.
McKeogh, C. (2007). Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism/Christian idealism. In W. D. Clinton (Ed.), The Realist Tradition and Contemporary International Relations (pp. 191-211). USA: Louisiana State University Press.
Moreno-Brid, J. C. (1999). Reformas macroeconómicas e inversión manufacturera en México. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations, the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ocampo, J. A. (2014). The Latin American Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. In J. E. Stiglitz & D. Heymann (Ed.), Life After Debt. International Economic Association Series (pp. 87-115). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ortiz, Martínez, G. (2003). América Latina y el Consenso de Washington. La fatiga de la reforma. Finanzas & Desarrollo, 40(3), 15-17.
Peters, M. E (2017). Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
ProMéxico.The Mexican Aumotive industry: Current Situation, Challemges and opportunities. Ministry of Economy. Mexico 2016.
Sandoval, M. y García Arroyo, F., 1990. La economía mexicana en el fin del siglo.
Revista de la CEPAL, Número 42, pp. 217-254
Roger White & Bedassa Tadesse, 2010. “Cultural Diversity, Immigration and International Trade: An Empirical Examination of the Relationship in Nine OECD Countries”. Cultural Diversity: Issues, Challenges and Perspectives. Editor: Lydia B. Kerwin. 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc
Schaefer, J. & Baldas, T. (2019, August 10th). Inside the El Paso shooting: A store manager, a frantic father, grateful survivors. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/10/el-paso-shooting-survivors-recall-panic-terror-time-stopped/1974322001/
Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics. The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Stiglitz, J. (2000). Globalization and its Discontents. Madrid: Taurus.
Strausz- Hupé, R. (1942). The Struggle for Space and Power. New York: G.P, Putnam’s Son. 1942
Time Staff (2015). Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018). World Investment Report. UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
United States Census Bureau (2020). Trade in Goods with Mexico. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html
United States Senate (2017, February 13th). Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act or the RAISE Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/354
World Agricultural Economic and Environmental Services (2014). Gauging the Farm Sector’s Sensitivity to Immigration Reform via Changes in Labor Costs and Availability. Available at: https://www.fb.org/files/AFBF_LaborStudy_Feb2014.pdf
World Bank (2008). Report No. 44288-GLB. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform.pdf
World Bank (2020). National accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX
World Trade Organization (2020). Mexico and the WTO. WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm
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Published
2020-11-24
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Desilus, B. (2020). The relationship between international trade and immigration policies: evidence from Mexico and The United States. Cuadernos Latinoamericanos De Administración, 16(31). https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119
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