La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración
Evidencia de México y los Estados Unidos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119Palabras clave:
déficit comercial, salario, poder, nacionalismo blancoResumen
Este artículo describe cómo la administración de Trump trata a México como un campo de pruebas en términos de comercio e inmigración, dos temas importantes respecto a los cuales prometió un cambio radical de política. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que el anuncio de la nueva ley de inmigración, conocida como Reforma de la Inmigración Estadounidense para un Empleo Fuerte (RAISE, por su sigla en inglés) y la política de inmigración en su conjunto son el reflejo del racismo y la supremacía blanca de la administración Trump.
Se analiza el déficit en cuenta corriente entre México y Estados Unidos, que se ha utilizado como ancla para la política migratoria. Asimismo, se destaca la teoría realista de las relaciones internacionales, según la cual el poder está en el centro de todo tipo de acuerdos comerciales liberados. Dado lo anterior, se señalan los siguientes problemas estructurales: (i) el racismo y el nacionalismo blanco en la administración Trump; (ii) las causas y consecuencias del poder y el grado de explotación en la relación comercial entre Estados Unidos y México; (iii) la reducción del déficit comercial de Estados Unidos con los socios del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte no es un reflejo del Juego Limpio en el Comercio Mundial y, por lo tanto, es insostenible a largo plazo, y (iv) el crecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) en el primer trimestre de 2019 (3,2 por ciento) de los Estados Unidos no es la medida de la economía o el arancel de importación, sino el resultado de un gran recorte de impuestos corporativos para alcanzar mayores beneficios corporativos.
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Moreno-Brid, J. C. (1999). Reformas macroeconómicas e inversión manufacturera en México. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations, the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ocampo, J. A. (2014). The Latin American Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. In J. E. Stiglitz & D. Heymann (Ed.), Life After Debt. International Economic Association Series (pp. 87-115). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ortiz, Martínez, G. (2003). América Latina y el Consenso de Washington. La fatiga de la reforma. Finanzas & Desarrollo, 40(3), 15-17.
Peters, M. E (2017). Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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Sandoval, M. y García Arroyo, F., 1990. La economía mexicana en el fin del siglo.
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Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics. The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Stiglitz, J. (2000). Globalization and its Discontents. Madrid: Taurus.
Strausz- Hupé, R. (1942). The Struggle for Space and Power. New York: G.P, Putnam’s Son. 1942
Time Staff (2015). Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018). World Investment Report. UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
United States Census Bureau (2020). Trade in Goods with Mexico. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html
United States Senate (2017, February 13th). Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act or the RAISE Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/354
World Agricultural Economic and Environmental Services (2014). Gauging the Farm Sector’s Sensitivity to Immigration Reform via Changes in Labor Costs and Availability. Available at: https://www.fb.org/files/AFBF_LaborStudy_Feb2014.pdf
World Bank (2008). Report No. 44288-GLB. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform.pdf
World Bank (2020). National accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX
World Trade Organization (2020). Mexico and the WTO. WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm
Amadeo, K. (2018). U. S. Trade Deficit by Country, with Current Statistics and Issues. The Balance. https://www.thebalance.com/trade-deficit-by-county-3306264
Applebaum, A. (2018, October 1st). Trump’s new NAFTA is pretty much the same as the old one - but at what cost? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/10/01/trumps-new-nafta-is-pretty-much-the-same-as-the-old-one-but-at-what-cost/?utm_term=.d55d6945bfd9
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (2018). Stats APEC. APEC. http://statistics.apec.org/index.php/key_indicator/kid_result_flash/11
Atkinson, A.B (2015). Inequality: What can be done. Harvard University press. Cambridge Massachusetts. London, England 2015.
Bennet, B., Berenson, T. & Abramson, A. (2019). How Republicans Are Talking Trump Into Accepting a Smaller Border Wall Deal. Time. http://time.com/5528673/donald-trump-congress-border-security-compromise-republicans/
Christina Boswell (2010). “Addressing the causes of migratory and refugee movements: The role of the European Union”. New issues in Refugee Research. Working paper No. 73. Institute for Peace Research. University of Hamburg Germany.
Clausing, Kimberly (2019). Open: The Progressive Case of Free Trade, Immigration, and Global Capital. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University press, 2019
Cohen, G. A. (1979). The Labor Theory of Value and The Concept of Exploitation. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 8(4), 338-360.
Congressional Research Service (2019). NAFTA Renegotiation and the Proposed United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).
Deaton, A. (2015). Weak States, Poor countries. Social Europe. https://www.socialeurope.eu/weak-states-poor-countries
Dougherty, J. E & Pfaltzgraff, R. L. (1993). Contending Theories of International Relations. Buenos Aires: Pearson.
Egan, M. (2019). Tariffs on Mexico could cost America 400,000 jobs, a new report says. CNN Business. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/05/business/mexico-tariffs-job-losses
Feagin, J. (2012). White Party, White Government: Race, Class and US Politics. New York: Routledge.
Gilpin, R. (2000). The Challenge of Global Capitalism. New Jersey: Princeton.
Girma, S., & Yu, Z. (2002). The Link between Immigration and Trade: Evidence from the United Kingdom. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(1), 115-130. Retrieved July 21, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/40440885
Guess, T. J. (2006). The Social Construction of Whiteness: Racism by Intent, Racism by Consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649-673.
Guillén Romo, H. (1997). La contrarrevolución neoliberal en México. México: Era.
Harkinson, J. (2016, October 27th). Meet the White Nationalist Trying to Ride the Trump Train to Lasting Power. Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/10/richard-spencer-trump-alt-right-white-nationalist/
Hirschman, A. O. (1945). National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hoppe, H. H. (1998). The Case of Free Trade and Restricted Immigration. Journal of Libertarian Studies, 13(2), 221-233.
Hume, D. (2015). Essays: Moral, Political and Literary. New York: Wallachia Publishers.
Inglehart, R. F. & Norris, P. (2016, August). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series. https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash
Inwood, J. (2019). White supremacy, White Counter-Revolutionary Politics, and the Rise of Donald Trump. Politics and Space, 37(4), 579-596.
Jackson, J. K. (2018, June 28th). Trade Deficit and US Trade Policy. Congressional Research Service. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R45243.pdf
Kregel, J. (2004, October). External Financing for Development and International Financial Instability. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. https://unctad.org/en/Docs/gdsmdpbg2420048_en.pdf
Kregel, J. A. (2019). Globalization, Nationalism and Clearing Systems. EconStor. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/201769/1/ppb_147.pdf
Maskovsky, J (2017). Toward the anthropology of white nationalist postracialism. Hau: Journal of Ethnographic Theory, 7(1), 433-440.
McKeogh, C. (2007). Reinhold Niebuhr’s Christian realism/Christian idealism. In W. D. Clinton (Ed.), The Realist Tradition and Contemporary International Relations (pp. 191-211). USA: Louisiana State University Press.
Moreno-Brid, J. C. (1999). Reformas macroeconómicas e inversión manufacturera en México. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1948). Politics Among Nations, the Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Ocampo, J. A. (2014). The Latin American Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective. In J. E. Stiglitz & D. Heymann (Ed.), Life After Debt. International Economic Association Series (pp. 87-115). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Ortiz, Martínez, G. (2003). América Latina y el Consenso de Washington. La fatiga de la reforma. Finanzas & Desarrollo, 40(3), 15-17.
Peters, M. E (2017). Trading Barriers: Immigration and the Remaking of Globalization. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
ProMéxico.The Mexican Aumotive industry: Current Situation, Challemges and opportunities. Ministry of Economy. Mexico 2016.
Sandoval, M. y García Arroyo, F., 1990. La economía mexicana en el fin del siglo.
Revista de la CEPAL, Número 42, pp. 217-254
Roger White & Bedassa Tadesse, 2010. “Cultural Diversity, Immigration and International Trade: An Empirical Examination of the Relationship in Nine OECD Countries”. Cultural Diversity: Issues, Challenges and Perspectives. Editor: Lydia B. Kerwin. 2010 Nova Science Publishers, Inc
Schaefer, J. & Baldas, T. (2019, August 10th). Inside the El Paso shooting: A store manager, a frantic father, grateful survivors. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/10/el-paso-shooting-survivors-recall-panic-terror-time-stopped/1974322001/
Spykman, N. J. (1942). America’s Strategy in World Politics. The United States and the Balance of Power. New York: Harcourt, Brace & Company.
Stiglitz, J. (2000). Globalization and its Discontents. Madrid: Taurus.
Strausz- Hupé, R. (1942). The Struggle for Space and Power. New York: G.P, Putnam’s Son. 1942
Time Staff (2015). Here's Donald Trump's Presidential Announcement Speech. Time. https://time.com/3923128/donald-trump-announcement-speech/
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2018). World Investment Report. UNCTAD. https://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/wir2018_en.pdf
United States Census Bureau (2020). Trade in Goods with Mexico. United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c2010.html
United States Senate (2017, February 13th). Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment Act or the RAISE Act. Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-bill/354
World Agricultural Economic and Environmental Services (2014). Gauging the Farm Sector’s Sensitivity to Immigration Reform via Changes in Labor Costs and Availability. Available at: https://www.fb.org/files/AFBF_LaborStudy_Feb2014.pdf
World Bank (2008). Report No. 44288-GLB. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEV/Resources/Political_Economy_of_Policy_Reform.pdf
World Bank (2020). National accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.
Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.ZS?locations=MX
World Trade Organization (2020). Mexico and the WTO. WTO. https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/mexico_e.htm
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2020-11-24
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Desilus, B. (2020). La relación entre el comercio internacional y las políticas de inmigración: Evidencia de México y los Estados Unidos. Cuadernos Latinoamericanos De Administración, 16(31). https://doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v16i31.3119
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